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Dünya Göz Hastanesi, İstanbul, Dr. When retinal disease and refraction are considered together, we encounter changes beyond our classical knowledge. Many genetic diseases that effect the retina are consistent with high myopia and astigmatism, accompanied by a few with hypermetropia. Degenerative myopia is totally a retinal disease. Understanding heredo-degenerative disease and the increased incidence of retinal pathologies after surgery in today’s era where refractive surgery is widely used, will create awareness related with the expectations about surgery. Refractive changes related with diabetes are also studied under different settings. Today’s conception points to the sensitive balance between the decrease in refractive index of the crystalline lens and the increase in curvature of the lens, generally resulting with a hypermetropic shift . The incidence of myopia also increases significantly in babies with retinopathy of prematurity and intraocular haemorrhages, due to visual deprivation. Main conditions accompanied by hypermetropia are nanophthalmos, intraocular silicone for retinal detachment surgery, central serous chorioretinopathy, and tumors of the retina. Keywords : Refraction, myopia, diabetes, hypermetropia, genetic retinal syndromes