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Gazi Üni. Göz Hast. Ana BD. The primary function of the corneal endothelium is to maintain corneal hydration at a constant level. In order to perform this, at least critical number of corneal endothelial cells are required. Aging corneal diseases and surgical traumas ape frequent causes of corneal endothelial cell loss. In the present study, corneal endothelial morpholjogic changes of totally 19 cases ( 12 with intraocular silione oil and 7 vitrectomised only) , are evaluated by specular microscopy. Silicone oil in the anterior chamber causes corneal endothelial damage. The duration and the extention of the silicone oil directly increase the corneal endothelial damage as vell. Keywords : corneal endothelium, pars plana vitrectomy, silicone oil, specular microscopy, keratopathy